Cloning 4 Essay Research Paper CloningAttempts to free essay sample

Cloning 4 Essay, Research Paper Cloning Attempts to make a human being by cloning should be banned for several grounds. Although cloning has some benefits, efforts to clone a human will convey up many moral and ethical issues. Seppa ( 1997 ) studies that the National Bioethics Advisory Commission ( NABC ) concludes that it would be morally unacceptable for anyone in the populace or private sector # 8230 ; to try to make a kid by engrafting cloned embryos in a adult female. Cloning has many benefits, but it besides poses great hazards to the human race. This study will demo why cloning should be banned. McKinnel ( 1979 ) studies that cloning has been around for decennaries and that scientists have known how to clone in rule for at least two decennaries. Scientists have been able to clone both workss and animate beings. They can turn a whole new works from a fragment of an bing works. Cloning has been used in agribusiness to bring forth high quality unvarying merchandises. We will write a custom essay sample on Cloning 4 Essay Research Paper CloningAttempts to or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Scientists have cloned toads for scientific research. Gould ( 1997 ) studies that scientists from Scotland were able to clone a sheep from an grownup cell. The sheep named Dolly is non the first mammal of all time cloned. This is merely one measure closer to cloning worlds. Plants and animate beings have been cloned for decennaries, but cloning airss great hazards to worlds. Cloning airss great hazards to the human race. Cloning may do human organic structures to halt aging. Then the universe would go full of aged immortals and few kids. That would non be good for the universe because the universe needs the benefit of thoughts from immature people. Cloning could besides do people to go supernatural. Another hazard to worlds would be the menace of pestilences. Plagues could develop as a consequence of cloning. A world-wide epidemic unbalancing the ecology may besides develop as a consequence of cloning. Seppa ( 1997 ) studies that the National Bioethics Advisory Commission has said that the technique used by the Scots scientists to clone a sheep would present great hazards to worlds. It was besides reported by Seppa ( 1997 ) that Alta Charo said before successfully cloning a lamb, the research workers failed 277 times, bring forthing many unnatural and still born animate beings. Cloning will non merely pose great hazards to the human race, but it will bes ides raise moral and ethical issues. Cloning will raise moral and ethical issues. Seppa ( 1997 ) reported that anti-abortionists feel that life should get down at construct. Therefore they feel that cloning should be banned. If cloning does go on, there is a existent potency for developmental abnormalcies. McKinnel ( 1979 ) reported that nature is imperfect and so is the possible man-made homo produced by cloning. Cloning worlds raises moral issues. Seppa ( 1997 ) reported that Ezekiel Emanuel said a kid Born of cloning would confront an tremendous weight of societal and parental outlooks about what and who that kid should be. Cloning raises many moral and ethical issues, but cloning does hold some benefits. Cloning has many benefits. Gould ( 1997 ) and McKinnel ( 1979 ) both reported that cloning could be used for trim parts. Gould ( 1997 ) besides reports that bureaus could utilize cloning to do money. Cloning may be used to protract life, possibly even make people live everlastingly. McKinnel ( 1979 ) studies that cloning could extinguish familial defects. If one person in a matrimony has a familial defect, the spouse without the defect could be cloned. The familial defect would be eliminated and the married twosome could hold kids and non worry about a familial defect. McKinnel ( 1979 ) besides reported that the credence of tissue grafts without rejection among members of the isogenic group is a possible benefit of cloning. Another benefit is that cloning may do it possible to continue embryo cells or even produce embryo cells from other organic structure cells. The cells could so be placed inside female parents to turn into human existences. Then these populating transcripts could be born when the first person is old or dead. Even though here are benefits from cloning, all of these benefits involve hazards. If scientists use cloning to clone trim parts, there would be hazards to the alternate female parent who would transport the ringer study Gould ( 1997 ) . Gould ( 1997 ) besides reported that bureaus might mistreat the ringers. If cloning makes people live everlastingly and the universe becomes full of immortals and aged people, so we won Ts have any im mature heads. If scientists preserve embryo cells and engraft them in alternate female parents when one person is old or dead, that so poses a hazard to the alternate female parent. Extinguishing a familial defect by cloning besides has hazards. There are hazards to the female parent s wellness. McKinnel ( 1979 ) reported that it is possible for foetal cells to interrupt lose during the gestation and happen their manner into the female parent s tissue. If the cloned cells get into her tissue they may go malignant neoplastic disease and the female parent could decease of malignant neoplastic disease related to her gestation. Even though there is some good that come out of cloning, cloning should still be banned. Attempts to make a human being by cloning should be banned. Cloning does hold some benefits, but it raises many moral and ethical issues. The National Bioethics Advisory Commission concludes that it would be morally unacceptable for anyone in the populace or private sector # 8230 ; to try to make a kid by engrafting cloned embryos in adult females studies Seppa ( 1997 ) . The rule of cloning has been known for at least two decennaries. Plants, such as apples and those in agribusiness have been cloned to bring forth unvarying and high quality merchandises. Frogs have besides been cloned for scientific research. Dolly, the cloned sheep, is non the first mammalian ringer. Dolly is the first ringer from an grownup cell. Cloning airss great hazards to worlds. The NABC concluded that the technique the Scots used to clone a sheep would be harmful to worlds. Seppa ( 1997 ) reported that Alta Charo said before successfully cloning a lamb, the research workers failed 277 times, bring forthing many unnatural and still born animate beings. Those who believe cloning benefits should believe about the hazard cloning brings to the alternate female parent has in order to transport the ringer. Cloning besides brings a menace of pestilences and superhuman animals. An mistake or deliberate act could do a world-wide epidemic by unbalancing the ecology. Cloning besides raises moral and ethical issues. Seppa ( 1997 ) reported that Ezekiel Emanuel said a kid Born of cloning would confront tremendous societal and parental outlooks about what and who that kid should be. Anti-abortionists believe that life starts at construct and that cloning should be banned. Cloning should be banned for the grounds above. There is a existent potency for developmental abnormalcies. The hazard of bring forthing unnatural worlds is unsafe to the human race and the moral and ethical issues will go on unless human cloning is banned.

Statistics for Business Essay Example

Statistics for Business Essay Does asymptotic mean that the normal curve gets closer and closer to the X-axis but never actually touches it? Yes, asymptotic means that the curve of a line will approach 0 (the x-axis), but it will not touch 0 and instead will extend to infinity. In this class, this applies to the normal continuous distribution and is one of the 4 key characteristics of a normal continuous distribution that our text book discusses. This means that the curve of the line will extend infinitely in both the negative and positive direction in exact mirror image patterns on either side of the mean. For a normal probability distribution, is about 95 percent of the area under normal curve within plus and minus two standard deviations of the mean and practically all (99. 73 percent) of the area under the normal curve is within three standard deviations of the mean? Yes. According to the Empirical Rule: -68% of the area under the curve is within +/- 1 standard deviation of the mean -95% of the area under the curve is within +/- 2 standard deviations of the mean -Virtually all, 99. % of the area under the curve is within +/- 3 standard deviations of the mean Is a z-score the distance between a selected value (X) and the population mean (u) divided by the population standard deviation(s)? Yes. We use z-scores to change normal probability distributions into standard normal probability distributions, which are unique because they have a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1. To convert to a standard normal probability distribution we must find the z-scores for each observation. We will write a custom essay sample on Statistics for Business specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Statistics for Business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Statistics for Business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These are found by subtracting the mean value from the selected value and dividing by the standard deviation. The Normal Probability Distribution Find an example of application of probability theory in your workplace or business. Show that the reasons that your workplace uses probability analysis, such as probability of risk calculations or percent defects or percent for pass or fail of a product, etc. In my company, I do groundwater sampling for remediation projects. When we are finished, we send our samples to a laboratory via FedEx or UPS. The laboratory reports that approximately 2 bottles are broken in every cooler shipped, regardless of how well they are packed. To perform sample analysis, the laboratory needs 1-500 ml bottle of groundwater, and 1-50ml vial of water to perform all of the tests for each well. When we take samples we collect 3-500ml bottles and 3-50 ml vials of groundwater per well because we know that on average two bottles will break per shipment. The bottles that break could be from 2 different wells, or 2 different sized bottles, or they could be two identical sized bottles from the same well. By collecting extra samples, we ensure that we are sending the lab enough samples to accurately perform analysis, and we are ensuring that we don’t have to go back into the field and spend thousands of extra dollars to re-collect samples. What are some of characteristics of a Normal Probability Distribution? According to our text (pg 223), all normal probability distributions have these characteristics: 1. The are bell-shaped and the mean, median, and mode are equal and located in the centre of the distribution. 2. The total area under the curve = 1. 00 with ? f this located to the right of the peak(mean) and ? located to the left of the peak (mean). 3. The distribution curve is symmetrical around the peak (mean) and therefore there are two identical halves of the curve, centred around the mean. 4. The curve approaches the x-axis, but never actually touches it. (i. e. , it is asymptotic) 5. The location is determined by the mean and the dispersion is determined by the standard deviation. Non-stop Airlines determined that the mean number of passengers per flight is 152 with a standard deviation of ten passengers. Practically do all flights have between 142 and 162 passengers? According to the Empirical rule, 142 -162 passengers would fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean (i. e. , 68% of the area under the curve) If we wanted to know how many passengers were on practically/virtually all flights, we would have to apply the Empirical Rule for 3 standard deviations from the mean. This would account for 99. 7% of the area under the curve. According to this theory, virtually all flights would have between 122 – 182 passengers. Is the total area within any continuous probability distribution equal to 1. 00? Yes. If we are a talking about uniform probability distributions (rectangles), the area must equal 1. We can find this using Area = basexheight or (b-a/1) x (1/b-a). Using this equation, both fractions will ‘cancel out’ to give you a value of 1. 00. If we are talking about normal probability distributions, they are bell-shaped with a single peak at the distribution centre and therefore, they are symmetrical about the mean. This means that the two halves of the curve are identical and they both have values of 0. 5 (0. 5 to the left of the mean and 0. 5 to the right of the mean). Is the uniform probability distributions standard deviation proportional to the distributions range? Yes. The equation for standard deviation for a uniform probability distribution is = SQRT [ (b-a)^2/12]. A range is the difference between the max and min values for a distribution (b-a). Therefore, the range of the distribution directly impacts the standard deviation as it is a part of the equation. The larger the range, the larger the standard deviation of a uniform distribution and the smaller the range, the smaller the standard deviation of a uniform distribution. About what percent of the area under the normal curve is within one standard deviation of the mean? According to the Empirical Rule, approximately 68% of the area under the curve, for a normal distribution, is within +/- one standard deviation of the mean. (u +/- 1sd)

French and Indian War - French and Indian War Seven Year War

French and Indian War - French and Indian War Seven Year War Previous: 1758-1759 - The Tide Turns | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: Aftermath: An Empire Lost, An Empire Gained Victory in North America Having taken Quebec in the fall of 1759, British forces settled in for the winter. Commanded by Major General James Murray, the garrison endured a harsh winter during which over half of the men suffered from disease. As spring approached, French forces led by the Chevalier de Levis advanced down the St. Lawrence from Montreal. Besieging Quebec, Levis hoped to re-take the city before the ice in the river melted and the Royal Navy arrived with supplies and reinforcements. On April 28, 1760, Murray advanced out of the city to confront the French but was badly defeated at the Battle of Sainte-Foy. Driving Murray back into the citys fortifications, Levis continued his siege. This ultimately proved futile as British ships reached the city on May 16. Left with little choice, Levis retreated to Montreal. For the 1760 campaign, the British commander in North America, Major General Jeffery Amherst, intended to mount a three-pronged attack against Montreal. While troops advanced up the river from Quebec, a column led by Brigadier General William Haviland would push north over Lake Champlain. The main force, led by Amherst, would move to Oswego then cross Lake Ontario and attack the city from the west. Logistical issues delayed the campaign and Amherst did not depart Oswego until August 10, 1760. Successfully overcoming French resistance, he arrived outside of Montreal on September 5. Outnumbered and short on supplies, the French opened surrender negotiations during which Amherst stated, I have come to take Canada and I will take nothing less. After brief talks, Montreal surrendered on September 8 along with all of New France. With the conquest of Canada, Amherst returned to New York to begin planning expeditions against French holdings in the Caribbean. The End in India Having been reinforced during 1759, British forces in India began advancing south from Madras and recapturing positions that had been lost during earlier campaigns. Commanded by Colonel Eyre Coote, the small British army was a mix of East India Company soldiers and sepoys. At Pondicherry, the Count de Lally initially hoped that the bulk of the British reinforcements would be directed against a Dutch incursion in Bengal. This hope was dashed in late December 1759 when British troops in Bengal defeated the Dutch without requiring aid. Mobilizing his army, Lally began maneuvering against Cootes approaching forces. On January 22, 1760, the two armies, both numbering around 4,000 men, met near Wandiwash. The resulting Battle of Wandiwash was fought in the traditional European style and saw Cootes command soundly defeat the French. With Lallys men fleeing back to Pondicherry, Coote began capturing the citys out-lying fortifications. Further reinforced later that year, Coote laid siege to t he city while the Royal Navy conducted a blockade offshore. Cut off and with no hope of relief, Lally surrendered the city on January 15, 1761. The defeat saw the French lose their last major base in India. Defending Hanover In Europe, 1760 saw His Britannic Majestys Army in Germany further reinforced as London increased its commitment to the war on the Continent. Commanded by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, the army continued its active defense of the Electorate of Hanover. Maneuvering through the spring, Ferdinand attempted a three-pronged attack against Lieutenant General Le Chevalier du Muy on July 31. In the resulting Battle of Warburg, the French attempted to escape before the trap was sprung. Seeking to achieve a victory, Ferdinand ordered Sir John Manners, Marquess of Granby to attack with his cavalry. Surging forward, they inflicted losses and confusion on the enemy, but Ferdinands infantry did not arrive in time to complete the victory. Frustrated in their attempts to conquer the electorate, the French moved north later that year with the goal striking from a new direction. Clashing with Ferdinands army at the Battle of Kloster Kampen on October 15, the French under the Marquis de Castries won a protracted fight and forced the enemy from the field. With the campaign season winding down, Ferdinand fell back to Warburg and, after further maneuvers to expel the French, entered into winter quarters. Though the year had brought mixed results, the French had failed in their efforts to take Hanover. Prussia Under Pressure Having narrowly survived the previous years campaigns, Frederick II the Great of Prussia quickly came under pressure from Austrian General Baron Ernst von Laudon. Invading Silesia, Laudon crushed a Prussian force at Landshut on June 23. Laudon then began moving against Fredericks main army in conjunction with a second Austrian force led by Marshal Count Leopold von Daun. Badly outnumbered by the Austrians, Frederick maneuvered against Laudon and succeeded in defeating him at the Battle of Liegnitz before Daun could arrive. Despite this victory, Frederick was taken by surprise in October when a combined Austro-Russian force successfully raided Berlin. Entering the city on October 9, they captured large amounts of war materials and demanded monetary tribute. Learning that Frederick was moving towards the city with his main army, the raiders departed three days later. Taking advantage of this distraction, Daun marched into Saxony with around 55,000 men. Splitting his army in two, Frederick immediately led one wing against Daun. Attacking at the Battle of Torgau on November 3, the Prussians struggled until late in the day when the other wing of the army arrived. Turning the Austrian left, the Prussians forced them from the field and won a bloody victory. With the Austrians retreating, campaigning for 1760 came to an end. Previous: 1758-1759 - The Tide Turns | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: Aftermath: An Empire Lost, An Empire Gained Previous: 1758-1759 - The Tide Turns | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: Aftermath: An Empire Lost, An Empire Gained A War Weary Continent After five years of conflict, the governments in Europe were beginning to run short of both men and money with which to continue the war. This war weariness led to final attempts to seize territory to use as bargaining chips in peace negotiations as well as overtures for peace. In Britain, a key change occurred in October 1760 when George III ascended to the throne. More concerned with the colonial aspects of the war than the conflict on the Continent, George began to shift British policy. The final years of the war also saw the entry of a new combatant, Spain. In the spring of 1761, the French approached Britain regarding peace talks. While initially receptive, London backed out upon learning of negotiations between France and Spain to widen the conflict. These secret talks ultimately led to Spain entering the conflict in January 1762. Frederick Battles On In central Europe, a battered Prussia was only able to field around 100,000 men for the 1761 campaign season. As most of these were new recruits, Frederick changed his approach from one of maneuver to one of positional warfare. Constructing a massive fortified camp at Bunzelwitz, near Scheweidnitz, he worked to improve his forces. Not believing the Austrians would attack such a strong position, he moved the bulk of his army toward Neisee on September 26. Four days later, the Austrians assaulted the reduced garrison at Bunzelwitz and carried the works. Frederick suffered another blow in December when Russian troops captured his last major port on the Baltic, Kolberg. With Prussia facing complete destruction, Frederick was saved by the death of Empress Elizabeth of Russia on January 5, 1762. With her demise, the Russian throne passed to her pro-Prussian son, Peter III. An admirer of Fredericks military genius, Peter III concluded the Treaty of Petersburg with Prussia that May ending ho stilities. Free to focus his attention on Austria, Frederick began campaigning to gain the upper hand in Saxony and Silesia. These efforts culminated with a victory at the Battle of Freiberg on October 29. Though pleased with the victory, Frederick was angered that the British had abruptly halted their financial subsidies. The British separation from Prussia began with the fall of William Pitt and the Duke of Newcastles government in October 1761. Replaced by the Earl of Bute, the government in London began to abandon Prussian and Continental war aims in favor of securing its colonial acquisitions. Though the two nations had agreed not to negotiate separate peaces with the enemy, the British violated this pact by making overtures to the French. Having lost his financial backing, Frederick entered into peace negotiations with Austria on November 29. Hanover Secured Eager to secure as much of Hanover as possible before the end of fighting, the French increased the number of troops committed to that front for 1761. Having turned back a winter offensive by Ferdinand, French forces under Marshal Duc de Broglie and the Prince of Soubise began their campaign in the spring. Meeting Ferdinand at the Battle of Villinghausen on July 16, they were soundly defeated and forced from the field. The remainder of the year saw the two sides maneuvering for advantage as Ferdinand again succeeded in defending the electorate. With the resumption of campaigning in 1762, he soundly defeated the French at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal on June 24. Pushing on later that year, he attacked and captured Cassel on November 1. Having secured the town, he learned that peace talks between the British and French had begun. Spain the Caribbean Though largely unprepared for war, Spain entered the conflict in January 1762. Promptly invading Portugal, they had some success before British reinforcements arrived and bolstered the Portuguese army. Seeing Spains entry as an opportunity, the British embarked on a series of campaigns against Spanish colonial possessions. Utilizing veteran troops from the fighting in North America, the British Army and Royal Navy conducted a series of combined-arms attacks that captured French Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Granada. Arriving off Havana, Cuba in June 1762, British forces captured the city that August. Aware that troops had been withdrawn from North America for operations in the Caribbean, the French mounted an expedition against Newfoundland. Valued for its fisheries, the French believed Newfoundland to be a valuable bargaining chip for peace negotiations. Capturing St. Johns in June 1762, they were driven out by the British that September. On the far side of the world, British forces, freed from fighting in India, moved against Manila in the Spanish Philippines. Capturing Manila in October, they forced the surrender of the entire island chain. As these campaigns concluded word was received that peace talks were underway. Previous: 1758-1759 - The Tide Turns | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: Aftermath: An Empire Lost, An Empire Gained

Counsel's Advise on Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Counsel's Advise on Evidence - Essay Example Admissibility is quality or character which any material presented in a court of law as evidence must possess before the same can be allowed to be to be introduced in court as evidence. The images and photographs in this case must possess the required qualities so that they can act as evidence in a court of law. In this computer era, the nature of photography is necessary to determine the applicable rules of evidence. The nature of photography may be either digital or analogue. But before going deeper into this it is important to know that there are two main requirements for acceptance of any form of photography as evidence. These are relevance and authentication. The rule of relevance is a general rule for admissibility in evidence and what amounts to relevance is determined at the discretion of each judge (Hugh, 2003, p. 67). A chain of custody which includes the chain of the undeveloped film will in some rare cases be required. In some other cases, where the photograph is offered for its truth and forms the basis of issue in the case, then the best evidence rule applies. However, the most important of all these requirements is authentication. The party who introduces any form of photography must be ready to testify that the photography is correct and accurate unless the piece of photography is accepted by stipulation of the parties. The concern of the solicitors in this case is on the surveillance and monitoring where the digital images can be processed with ease. Admissibility on the account of authenticity is an issue that needs to be addressed in this case. Digital images are stored in binary format in the memory of a computer.

Understanding Challenges In The Third Sector Essay - 4

Understanding Challenges In The Third Sector - Essay Example I realized that human resource is a challenge to the third sector. Specifically, distinction between the role of the volunteer and the regular employees often bring many challenges (Tilly, 2011 p 23). among them include planning the activities of the agency with the volunteers. The agency depends on the human resource in running its activities an aspect that makes reliance on the volunteers quite challenging. As the name suggest, a volunteer may seize to be a staff of the agency. I think soliciting funds is a challenge to the agency because it has a direct impact on running the activity of the organizations. Before the children get into the hands of their adopters, for instance, they live under the care of the agency. This means that the agency has to solicit funds that can sustain the program. Moreover, the agency does know when the adopters would knock at the agency’s door. I think this explains the reasons for allocating funds for nearly every person under the umbrella of the organization. Although third sector has been in place for a number of years, lack of understanding between funders and state based purchasers makes the running of the agency quite hard. I believe that this misconception is worrying because it shifts the attention of either group, an aspect that might dent the functions of the organization. Arguably, lack of awareness among the main players contributes to this situation (Tilly, 2011 p12). Further, the recognition of the brands used by the third sector is an important step that would help in changing the situation. I think formalization of the activities of the firm would not only influence the future state of the firm, but also change the present trends in handling issues within the agency. I think distinction between the beneficiaries and the other persons is gnawing at the agency. In turn, the reverberation of this challenge affects normal activities

What is Nutrition Essay Example for Free

What is Nutrition Essay OBJECTIVES: 1. Identify and discuss factors that affect food choices. (Course objective 1) 2. Define: nutrition, nutrients, essential nutrients, non essential nutrients, kilocalorie 3. Identify the six classes of nutrients utilized by humans and describe their basic functions in the body. (Course Objective 4) 4. Describe the steps of the scientific method. 5. Describe the following components of research studies: experimental group, control group, placebo, double-blind placebo-controlled study 6. Discuss the types of research studies and methods used to acquire valid nutrition information. (Course objective 2) 7. Differentiate between reputable and non-reputable sources of nutrition information. 8. Differentiate between the various methods used to assess the nutrient status of individuals and population groups. Discuss the pros and cons TEACH YOURSELF THE BASICS: What Drives Our Food Choices? 1. Identify at least five factors that influence our food choices. Taste,enjoyment, culture, environment, social reasons, and popular trends. 2. Discuss examples of at least three of the factors identified in question 1. Taste is considered the number one factor when it comes to choosing foods. Foods that are salty and sweet are among the top choices. Culture plays an important role in choosing food. Foods that are easily available to a group of the population are more likely to be eaten over foods that are rare to the location. Someone from China may have different choices than someone from Italy. Social trends also have a role to play in choosing food. What family and friends eat and foods considered popular may be chosen over other foods, despite health concerns. **Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 7) What is Nutrition? 1. Explain how the focus of the study of nutrition has changed over time. Nutrition began a few hundred years ago as a science relating nutrients to diseases and its affects, but today is used as a way to promote good health and long life by healthy eating. ​** Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 9) What are Nutrients? 1. List the six categories of nutrients found in foods and in the body. Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats), Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, and Water 2. Which nutrients provide energy? Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Alcohol also provides energy but is not considered a nutrient. 3. When we use the term â€Å"calorie† to describe the energy content of food, are we actually referring to the word â€Å"calorie† or are we referring to the word â€Å"kilocalorie†? Explain. Kilocalorie, not calorie, is the correct term when referring to the energy content of food. Calorie is a much smaller unit of measurement. 4. How many kilocalories are provided in a gram of carbohydrate? Protein? Fats? Carbohydrates and Proteins have 4 kilocalories and Lipids or fats have 9 kilocalories. **Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 13) What Are the Primary Roles of the Individual Nutrients? 1. For each of the 6 classes of nutrients, briefly describe their primary role in the body. Use the table below to guide you. Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats and water. Carbohydrates are the body’s Mai’s source of energy. Proteins provide the building blocks, or amino acids, for tissue in the body. Fats are also a source of energy but in a more concentrated form. Water makes up a majority of the fluids in the body, as well as its tissues. Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals. Vitamins help regulate metabolism and use other nutrients, while minerals assist in body processes. 2. List some food sources for carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Carbohydrates include bread, cereals and nuts. Lipids include butter and oils. Proteins include meat and dairy. 3. Classify the vitamins according to whether they are water soluble or fat soluble. Water soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the 8 B-complex vitamins. Fat soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and vitamin K. 4. Give examples of major minerals and trace minerals. Major minerals include calcium and magnesium, while Trace minerals include iron and zinc. **Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 16) What is Credible Nutrition Research? 1. What are some questions you can ask yourself to evaluate the credibility of published nutrition information (in print or on the internet)? Was the research findings published in a peer-reviewed journal? Was the study done on animals or humans? Is this the first time I have heard this? Do the study participants resemble me? 2. Describe the steps of the scientific method. Scientists observe the natural world, ask questions, and put forth or submit an explanation, called a hypothesis, bases on what they observed. Next they test this hypothesis to determine if it is correct or not. After testing or conducting an experiment, it can be determined if the hypothesis is supported or not by the findings. If supported, the findings can be published. If not supported, the scientist then must revise or redo the hypothesis. 3. Why is a double-blind placebo-controlled study considered the â€Å"gold standard† of research? This study is the gold standard because all variables are the same and controlled for the groups with no bias toward any group or researcher. 4. How does sample size affect the credibility of research results? The sample sizes must be large enough so that any differences in the study are related to treatment and not just chance. **Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 21) What Is Nutrition Assessment and What Does It Involve? 1. Briefly describe the different methods for assessing the nutrition status of individuals. Which one is the â€Å"best† method? Explain your reasoning. Anthropometric data is used to determine body size or composition. Data gathered is compared to reference standards, which can help determine risk factors for developing disease. Biochemical tests assess nutrient levels in body fluids, how fast nutrients are excreted through urine, and metabolic by products of nutrients found in urine. Clinical tests inspect the body for over or under nutrition by inspecting hair, nails and lips. Dietary intake can be measured by interviews and questionnaires to reveal lifestyle habits. The most important of the four would be anthropometric due to its ability to evaluate for disease such as diabetes. **Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 27) How Do We Assess the Nutritional Status of a Population Group? 1. How are nutritional assessment methods for a population group different than those which would be used for an individual? For a large population national surveys are used to determine nutritional status. How Does the American Diet Stack Up? 1. Summarize how the American diet compares to dietary recommendations. Americans eat too much protein, sugar, sodium, saturated fat and not enough fiber, some vitamins and minerals. **Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 30) What’s the Best Dietary Strategy for Health? 1. Is the following statement true or false: A variety of whole foods will meet everyone’s nutritional needs and there should be no need for nutritional supplements. Explain your ​answer. False. Some individuals have diet restrictions or higher nutrient needs such as a pregnant woman or someone who is lactose intolerant. **Make sure to read â€Å"The Take-Home Message† for this section (Pg. 31) VOCABULARY: Nutrition: The science that studies how nutrients and compounds in foods nourish the body and affect body functions and overall health. Nutrients: Compounds in foods that sustain body processes. There are six classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water Essential Nutrients: Nutrients that must be consumed from foods because they cannot be made in the body in sufficient quantities to meet its needs and support health. Nonessential Nutrients: Nutrients that can be made in sufficient quantities in the body to meet the body’s requirements and support health. Energy Yielding Nutrients: The three nutrients that provide energy to the body to fuel physiological functions: carbohydrates, lipids, and protein. Kilocalorie: The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade; used to express the measurement of energy in foods; 1 kilocalorie is equal to 1000 calories. Macronutrients: Organic nutrients, including the energy-containing carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water that the body needs in large amounts. Micronutrient: Essential nutrients the body needs in smaller amounts: vitamins and minerals. Water Soluble Vitamins: Vitamins that dissolve in water: Generally cannot be stored in the body and must be consumed. Fat Soluble Vitamins: Vitamins that dissolve in fat and can be stored in the body. Major Minerals: Minerals needed by the body in amounts greater than 5 grams; Aka Macro minerals. Trace Minerals: Minerals needed by the body in amounts less than 5 grams; Aka Micro minerals. Peer Reviewed Journal: A journal in which scientists publish research findings, after the findings have gone through a rigorous review process by other scientists. Observational Research: Research that involves systematically observing subjects to see if there is a relationship to certain outcomes. Experimental Group: In experimental research, the group of participants are given a specific treatment, such as a drug, as part of the study. Control Group: in experimental research, the group that does not receive the treatment but may be given a placebo instead; used as a standard for comparison. Placebo: An inactive substance, such as a sugar pill, administered to a control group during an experiment. Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study: An experimental study in which neither the researchers nor the subjects in the study are aware who is receiving the treatment or the placebo. Nutritional Genomics: A field of study of the relationship between genes, gene expression, and nutrition. Registered Dietician: A health professional who is a food and nutrition expert; RDs obtain a college degree in nutrition from an American Dietetic Association (ADA) accredited program, and pass an exam to become a Registered Dietician. Malnourished: A condition that results when the body does not receive the right amount of essential nutrients to maintain health; over nourished and undernourished are forms of malnutrition. Malabsorption: A problem associated with the lack of absorption of nutrients through the intestinal tract. Medical Nutrition Therapy: The integration of nutrition counseling and dietary changes based on individual medical and health needs, to treat a patient’s medical condition. Quackery: The promotion and selling of health products and services of questionable validity. Body Mass Index (BMI): A measurement calculated as height divided by weight squared; used to determine whether an individual is underweight, at a healthy weight, or overweight. Overweight: For adults, having a BMI greater than 25. Obesity: For adults, having a BMI greater than 30. ​Here are a few examples of reliable nutrition and health websites. †¢ American Dietetic Association: www.eatright.org †¢ Centers for Disease Control: www.cdc.gov †¢ Food and Drug Administration: www.fda.gov †¢ National Institutes of Health: www.nih.gov †¢ U.S. Department of Agriculture: www.nutrition.gov †¢ American Cancer Society: www.cancer.org For additional resources, animations, and news stories over topics from this chapter, click on â€Å"Chapter Contents† on your Blackboard page, then click on â€Å"Chapter 1.†

Sililoquy :: essays papers

Sililoquy I went to work as any other day, walking around the mall with my best friend, staring, gazing into every transparent glass containing items for my wish list, leaving me with â€Å"wants†, yet will never become possessions. My phone rang, as my mother, carefully, yet failing to hide her tears, told me my cousin (Joshua), two years of age, had drowned. I felt your struggle I thought you had encountered. The splash of water, as it skillfully entered your windpipes, devouring your lungs until your eyes became bloodshot red, as you gasped for that last breath of air, only to swallow more water. And then, slowly your heart stops beating as your body swam along, allowing the current to be your guide. Your body drifted down the canal, but your soul drifted towards heaven. I held my uncle close, my shoulder accepting his tears and cries unheard for his beloved son. Nothing, no pain can ever compare to the injection of a lost loved one I was given when I hugged him, as I felt every breath of sorrow moisten my chest. His firm grip on my shirt held me without a thought of letting go, as he shed his tears on me, seeping through me shirt, my pores, through my soul and directly to my heart. The sharp pain causing your breaths to shorten and uncontrollable tears to fall with no bottom to reach. I heard his unheard cries for his son. That was a want that could never be fulfilled. That was a missing piece that could never be found. A child, every child, is certainly a gift from God. The creation of every human being, the growth, the heart, the mind; never knowing the capabilities it will endow. Never knowing the fullest extent of it’s imagination, enabling them to do anything, and everything it desires; and to take effect into my life is truly one of the many mysterious ways God has worked, in my life, and everyone’s life. Joshua, two years into this earth and yet I feel he has accomplished more than a man, yet no less than an angel. How can such a tragedy being so many joys into one’s mind; one’s life? And not just one life, but many lives.